Style and Finish Hair using a Range of Techniques

1 Understand the process of preparing to style and dress hair

Salon requirements for preparing self, the client and the work area

• Self: personal hygiene, personal appearance, grooming, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), mental readiness, focus, knowledge and skills
• Work area: workplace organisation, sanitisation, sterilisation, availability of tools, stock controls, ambience, accessibility of space, emergency procedures
• Client:
  
  • Seating, privacy, personal belongings, cleaning client, protective covering
  • Importance of an accurate and detailed consultation with the client: personal preferences, goals, expectations, medical history, contra-indications, skin and hair analysis, personalisation of treatments, professional relationship, communication, product selection, clarifying limitations, enhancing client satisfaction, client experience, client retention, informed consent, professional standards, baseline
  • assessment, track progress, adjust treatments.
  • Importance of consulting treatment history: identifying contra-indications, avoiding adverse reactions (allergies, irritation), customised care, consistency, building trust and rapport, record keeping, accountability, tracking progress, enhancing treatment outcomes, preventing treatment overlap.
  • Importance of hair and skin analysis: understand hair type, determine hair condition, product selection, identify any disorders, optimise treatment, determine skin condition, avoid irritants, preventive care, and individualised care.

Structure of hair

• Hair follicles: skin organ that produces hair.
  
  • Dermal papilla: rich in blood vessels, supplies nutrients and oxygen to the growing hair cells.
  • Hair matrix: surrounds the dermal papilla, cells rapidly divide to produce a hair shaft.
  • Hair bulb: located at the base of the hair follicle, contains cells that divide and grow to build the hair shaft and houses the dermal papilla.
  • Sebaceous glands: attached to the hair follicles, produce sebum.
  • Arrector pili muscle: small muscle attached to follicles, contacts in response to cold or fear causing hair to stand up.
  • Impact on hair type.
    
    • Round follicles produce straight hair.
    • Oval or slightly curved follicles produce wavy hair.
    • Elliptical or very curved follicles produce curly hair.
    • Very flat or twisted follicles produce coily hair.
• Hair shaft: visible part of the hair, impacts thickness of hair.
  
  • Cuticle: the outer layer of the hair shaft, overlapping transparent cells that protect the inner layers, give hair its shine and protect the hair from damage.
  • Straight hair had flat cuticles.
  • Curly or coiled hair had raised cuticles.
  • Porosity: hair's ability to absorb and retain moisture.
    
    • Determined by the structure and condition of the hair cuticle.
  • Cortex: thickest layer of the hair shaft, tightly packed keratin, contains melanin that gives hair colour.
  • Medulla: innermost layer, not present in all hair types, made up of soft, spongy cells.
• Keratin: a protein that forms the structural framework of the hair and provides strength and resilience to the hair shaft.
  
  • In straight hair, keratin fibres are uniformly aligned.
  • In curly or coily hair keratin fibres are more irregularly aligned.
• Melanin: pigment responsible for hair colour.
  
  • Eumelanin: responsible for black or brown hair.
  • Pheomelanin: responsible for red or yellowish hair.
• pH: pH of healthy hair and scalp typically ranges between 4.5 and 5.5, making it slightly acidic.
  
  • Acid mantle: thin film on the scalp and hair surface.
    
    • Composed of sebum and sweat.
    • A slightly acidic environment is crucial for maintaining the health of the hair and scalp by protecting against bacteria, fungi, and other environmental pollutants.
  • Cuticle layer: the outer layer of the hair shaft, overlapping transparent cells that protect the inner layers, gives hair its shine and protects the hair from damage.
    
    • When the pH is within the natural acidic range, the cuticle layers lie flat, protecting the inner layers of the hair and giving it a smooth, shiny appearance.
    • Acidic (pH lower than 7) products help to close and tighten the cuticles and smooth the hair surface.
    • Alkaline substances (pH above 7) cause the cuticles to lift and open, which can lead to moisture loss, and increased porosity.
  • An acidic environment helps hair retain moisture.
  • Testing and adjusting pH.
    
    • pH Testing: you can test the pH of hair products using pH strips or meters, especially if you’re making DIY hair treatments. It’s important to ensure that the products you use are within a pH range that supports hair health.
    • Acidic rinses: after using alkaline products or chemical treatments, acidic rinses (like diluted apple cider vinegar with a pH of around 3) can help restore the hair's natural pH and smooth the cuticles.
    • Leave-in conditioners: these often have a low pH to help seal the hair cuticles after washing and conditioning, which can help maintain moisture and shine.
  • Consequences of imbalanced pH.
    
    • Dry, brittle hair: if the pH of hair is consistently too high (alkaline), the cuticles remain open, leading to moisture loss and making the hair dry, brittle, and prone to breakage.
    • Tangling: high pH levels can cause the hair to become more prone to tangling, as the raised cuticles create a rough surface.
    • Scalp issues: an imbalanced pH can disrupt the scalp’s natural environment, leading to issues like dandruff, itching, or infections.
    • Lack of shine: when the cuticles are open or damaged due to pH imbalance, hair loses its natural shine and smoothness.

Hair types

• Texture
  
  • Straight: lies flat on the scalp, natural oil can easily travel down the hair shaft
    
    • Type 1A: Very straight, fine, and thin hair that tends to be soft and shiny.
    • Type 1B: Straight with a bit more volume and thickness than Type 1A.
    • Type 1C: Straight but coarse, with more body and texture.
    • Impact on styling
      
      • Difficult to create volume.
      • Curls and waves will struggle to be held without strong styling products
      • Use volumising products.
      • Consider using dry shampoo or texturising spray to add grip and volume.
      • Use high temperatures when curling.
  • Wavy: texture between straight and curly, forms “S” shape.
    
    • Type 2A: Fine, thin, and loose waves with a gentle, tousled texture.
    • Type 2B: Wavy with more defined, slightly thicker waves.
    • Type 2C: Coarser waves with a more prominent "S" shape and can have some ringlets.
    • Impact on styling
      
      • Can be uneven in structure, leading to uneven results from styling.
      • Use lightweight gels or creams that enhance and define natural waves without weighing them down.
      • When blow-drying, use a diffuser attachment to maintain and enhance natural waves.
  • Curly: tighter curls, more voluminous, prone to dryness because natural oils find it harder to travel down the strands.
    
    • Type 3A: Large, loose curls that are well-defined and springy.
    • Type 3B: Bouncier, tighter curls with more volume.
    • Type 3C: Tight, corkscrew curls that are dense.
    • Impact on styling
      
      • Can shrink when dry; difficult to predict the final length of the style.
      • More prone to tangling.
      • Use rich, hydrating shampoos, conditioners, and leave-in treatments to keep curls moisturised and defined.
      • Apply curl creams or gels using techniques like the "rake and shake" or "twist and scrunch" to define curls.
      • Air drying with a leave-in conditioner or using a diffuser can help maintain the natural curl pattern.
  • Coily: tight curls or zigzag pattern, voluminous, dense, prone to dryness and shrinkage.
    
    • Type 4A: Soft, tightly coiled hair with a visible "S" pattern.
    • Type 4B: More of a "Z" pattern with sharp angles and less defined curls.
    • Type 4C: The tightest and most fragile curl pattern, often with no defined curl pattern and significant shrinkage.
    • Impact on styling
      
      • Shrink when dry; difficult to predict the final length of the style.
      • Prone to tangling and breakage; gentle handling is essential.
      • Regular deep conditioning treatments with rich, moisturising ingredients are crucial for maintaining the health and elasticity of coily hair.
      • Styles like braids, twists, or Bantu knots help protect coily hair from breakage and tangling while also promoting moisture retention.
      • To reduce shrinkage, use stretching techniques like banding, twisting, or threading to elongate the hair without heat.
      • Minimise combing and brushing to avoid breakage.
        
        • Finger detangling and wide-tooth combs are often best for coily hair.
  • Factors that influence hair texture.
    
    • Shape of the follicle.
    • Keratin structure.
    • Hair shaft structure (thickness and shape).
    • Humidity and moisture.
    • Hormones and moisture: hair changes as hormones change.
  • Tests to assess hair texture.
    
    • Strand thickness: assess stand thickness by taking a stand and rolling it between fingers.
    • Overall texture: run fingers through hair.
    • Curl pattern test: let hair air dry after washing without using any products.
    • Porosity test: take a strand of hair and place it in a glass of water.
    • Elasticity test: take a stand of wet hair and gently stretch it.
    • Shine and reflectivity: Observe how hair reflects off hair.
    • Shrinkage test (for curly/coily hair): measure amount of shrinkage from wet to dry length.
• Thickness: diameter of an individual hair strand.
  
  • Fine hair.
    
    • Smallest diameter.
    • Thin and delicate.
    • Brone to breakage and damage.
    • Can struggle to hold styles due to lack of volume.
    • Can look flat.
    • Tends to dry fast.
    • Can become greasy quickly.
    • Easily weighed down by products.
  • Medium hair.
    
    • Most comment thickness.
    • Balanced structure: strong and versatile.
    • Hold styles better.
    • Less prone to breakage than thin hair.
  • Coarse hair.
    
    • Largest diameter.
    • Strongest thickness of hair.
    • Hold shape well.
    • Can be challenging to style.
    • Resistant to damage.
    • Takes longer to dry.
  • Factors impacting hair thickness.
    
    • The primary influencing factor is genetics.
    • Hormones impact thickens: in particular androgens.
    • Age: hair can become thinner with age (hormones, shorter anagen phase, reduced hair follicle activity).
    • Poor nutrition can lead to thinner hair.
    • Damage to the hair can cause thinning over time.
  • Measuring hair thickness.
    
    • Visual and tactile observations.
      
      • E.g. difficult to see or feel fine: fine hair.
    • Microscopic measurements.
      
      • Fine hair typically measures around 50 micrometres or less, medium hair around 60-90 micrometres, and coarse hair above 100 micrometres.
      • Ponytail test.
        
        • Put all hair into a ponytail and measure the circumference. The larger the circumference the thicker the hair.
• Density: number of hair strands per square inch.
  
  • Each follicle has one strand of hair, so the number of follicles impacts hair density.
  • High density: a large number of strands packed closely together, hair looks thick.
    
    • Takes longer to dry.
    • More prone to tangling.
  • Low: density: few strands per square inch, hair looks thin.
    
    • Benefits from volumising products.
    • Layers add the appearance of thickness.
  • Factors affecting hair density.
    
    • Genetics: The number of hair follicles is established during foetal development at the third month of gestation, and this impacts hair density.
    • Hair loss: caused by a range of factors such as medical conditions, lifestyle and improper hair care.
    • Age: as people age, hair density may decrease, hormone changes impact hair growth and density (androgens), and life stages, and pregnancy can impact hair density due to the prolonged anagen phase of hair growth.
    • Hair care practice: excessive heat styling, chemical treatments and improper hair care can reduce hair density by damaging the hair.
  • Tests for hair density.
    
    • Counting the number of stands in a certain area.
    • Parting the hair and evaluating whether the scalp is visible.
  • Impact on styling.
    
    • Fine Hair
      
      • Styling: Fine hair often benefits from volumising products and lightweight styling techniques that add lift without weighing the hair down. It’s prone to becoming flat, so techniques like backcombing or using a root-lifting spray can help.
      • Care: Use lightweight, non-greasy shampoos and conditioners to avoid making hair look limp. Avoid heavy oils or creams that can weigh down fine hair.
  • Medium Hair
    
    • Styling: Medium hair is versatile and can hold most styles well. It responds well to various styling tools and products.
    • Care: Regular conditioning is important to maintain the balance of moisture and strength. Medium hair can generally handle most products without becoming too heavy or greasy.
  • Coarse Hair:
    
    • Styling: Coarse hair can hold styles well but may require more heat or stronger styling products to achieve certain looks, such as smooth, straight hair. It often benefits from deep conditioning and moisturising treatments.
    • Care: Use rich, hydrating shampoos and conditioners to keep coarse hair soft and manageable. Regular deep conditioning treatments can help maintain moisture and reduce roughness.
• Porosity
  
  • Low porosity
    
    • Tightly packed cuticles which lie flat.
    • It is difficult for moisture and products to penetrate the hair shaft.
    • Characteristics.
      
      • Hair takes longer to get wet.
      • Products may sit on top of hair rather than being absorbed.
      • Prone to product build-up.
      • Resistant to chemical treatments.
    • Hair styling advice.
      
      • Use light products.
      • Apply heat when deep conditioning.
      • Avoid using too much product.
      • Apply products to damp not soaking wet hair.
  • Medium porosity
    
    • Slightly raised cuticle layer.
    • Considered most manageable.
    • Characteristics
      
      • Absorbs and retains moisture week.
      • Responds well to styling.
      • Holds styles longer.
      • Less prone to damage.
      • Requires minimal maintenance.
    • Hair styling advice
      
      • Condition and moisturise regularly.
      • Protect from environmental damage.
      • Avoid overuse of heat and chemicals.
  • High porosity
    
    • Raised or damaged cuticle layer.
    • Allows moisture to easily enter hair but also allows moisture to escape quickly.
    • Characteristics
      
      • Can feel rough.
      • More prone to tangling.
      • Can be dry.
      • More vulnerable to damage.
    • Hair styling advice
    • Use heavier, more moisturising products like oils, butter, and creams to help seal in moisture.
    • Regular deep conditioning treatments are beneficial to keep hair hydrated.
    • Avoid excessive heat styling and harsh chemical treatments that can further damage the hair.
  • Factors impacting hair porosity
    
    • Genetics: the natural structure of your hair's cuticle is largely determined by genetics, which can influence your hair's inherent porosity.
    • Chemical treatments: repeated use of hair dyes, relaxers, perms, and other chemical treatments can raise the cuticles, increasing hair porosity.
    • Heat styling: frequent use of hot tools like straighteners, curling irons, and blow dryers can damage the cuticle, leading to higher porosity.
    • Environmental factors: sun exposure, chlorine from swimming pools, saltwater, and pollution can all affect the hair cuticle, potentially increasing porosity.
    • Mechanical damage: rough handling, such as aggressive brushing, towel- drying, or tight hairstyles, can physically damage the cuticle, making hair more porous.

• Testing hair porosity
  
  • Float Test: Take a clean strand of hair (preferably free of product) and place it in a glass of water.
    
    • Low Porosity: The strand floats on top of the water for an extended time before slowly sinking.
    • Medium Porosity: The strand floats in the middle of the glass.
    • High Porosity: The strand quickly sinks to the bottom of the glass.
• Spray Bottle Test: Spray a mist of water onto a section of dry hair.
  
  • Low Porosity: Water beads up on the surface and takes time to absorb.
  • Medium Porosity: Water absorbs at a moderate rate, neither too fast nor too slow.
  • High Porosity: Water absorbs quickly into the hair.

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The importance of planning hair-up styles for special occasions

• Achieve the required look
  
  • Match clothing
  • Customisation
• Ensure durability
  
  • Impact of weather considerations
  • Long-lasting style
• Trail run
• Ensure sufficient time allocated
• Time to consider hair type and condition
• Boost client confidence
• Ensures thorough consultations
• Complex styles and techniques require advanced planning
• Allows for preparation of required tools
• Allows for special requests
• Reduced client stress
• Allows for the creation of a contingency plan

2 Be able to prepare to style and dress hair

Clean workspace in line with salon requirements: PPE (gloves, masks, aprons), disinfectant, cleaning tools, sanitisation, surface cleaning, floor cleaning, toilets, clean chairs and stations, towels and linen, rubbish, and hand washing.

Clean tools to be used for the treatment: sterilisation, risk of cross-contamination, selection of appropriate tools and equipment, availability of equipment.

Communication techniques:

• Verbal: speaking manner and tone, professional, supportive, respectful, sensitive to client, open questioning related to treatment
• Non-verbal: eye contact, body language, listening skills, visual checks, manual, questioning
• Techniques, professional, client care
• Written: visual aids, magazines, client records

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Important information from the consultation

• Expectations
  
  • Manages expectations upfront.
  • Ensures expectations are possible in current circumstances.
  • Visual examples would be beneficial.
• Goals
  
  • Long-term goals
    
    • Growing out hair.
    • Achieving a particular colour.
    • Improving hair health.
    • Knowing the gaols helps plan service and allows the hairdresser to give advice.
  • Short-term goals
    
    • Specific events in the near future.
• Limitations
  
  • Hair related limitations
    
    • The condition of hair can limit what can be done to the hair.
    • Factors such as hair type, texture, current hair health, and natural colour can affect the outcome.
    • Discussing hair-related limitations ensures that the client is aware of realistic expectations and goals.
  • Time and frequency of maintenance
    
    • Some styles require frequent upkeep, which may not suit every client’s lifestyle or schedule.
    • Should discuss limitations around maintenance to avoid styles that the client may struggle to maintain.
• Budget
  
  • Need to understand clients budget to advise clients on their options.
  • Client needs to ensure any additional costs associated with maintaining a style.
• Time scale
  
  • Determine if the client needs an immediate transformation or is open to gradual changes, such as lightening dark hair over multiple sessions.
  • Ensure the client understands the time needed for each service.
• Additional requirements or needs
  
  • Access requirements
    
    • Examples include: physical access to the salon, access to equipment or furniture, restrooms, sensory-friendly environments, adaptions for hearing or visual impairments, access to safety features.
    • Salon may need to adapt to their access needs.
      
      • Will help ensure clients feel comfortable and can access the services.
  • Cultural requirements
    
    • Examples include preferences for modesty, private space, avoidance of certain products or ingredients,
  • Ensure equality and inclusion
    
    • Treat all clients with respect and inclusivity, creating an environment where every client feels welcomed and valued, regardless of background or identity.

Hair and skin analysis: conversation with clients, visual inspection, scalp- inspection, touch test (elasticity, porosity, hydration levels).

3 Understand the process of styling and dressing hair

The physical effects styling can have on hair

• Heat damage
  
  • Caused by excessive use of heat styling tools.
    
    • Weaken hair's natural protein structure, making hair prone to breakage.
  • Common signs include dryness, brittleness, and split ends, as the cuticle layer becomes damaged and loses its ability to retain moisture.
  • To protect hair from heat damage
    
    • Use heat protectants.
    • Use lower heat.
    • Minimise heat styling.
• Chemical damage
  
  • Can alter the hair’s natural structure, weakening the bonds that give hair its strength and flexibility.
  • Frequent chemical treatments can lead to dryness, split ends, and increased breakage by stripping away the natural oils that protect the hair.
  • Over time, chemical damage can make hair feel rough, as the repeated alteration of hair bonds compromises its structural integrity.
• Mechanical damage
  
  • Overbrushing can lead to split ends and breakage, especially if the hair is dry or brittle.
  • Brushing wet hair with the wrong tools can damage the hair shaft.
  • Styles like ponytails, braids, and buns, when worn tightly or frequently, can cause tension at the roots, leading to traction alopecia and gradual hair thinning.
  • Using rough or unsuitable tools, such as metal brushes or fine-toothed combs on thick or curly hair, can cause unnecessary stress, resulting in breakage.
  • Aggressive handling during styling, like rough towel drying or backcombing, can damage the cuticle layer, weakening the hair shaft over time.
• Moisture loss
  
  • Styling products which contain alcohol and other harsh ingredients strip moisture from the hair, leaving it dry and more prone to breakage.
  • Washing hair too frequently can remove its natural oils, leading to dryness, particularly in naturally curly or textured hair types.
  • To combat moisture loss, consider using sulphate-free shampoos, hydrating conditioners, and leave-in moisturising treatments.
• Product build up
  
  • Accumulation of styling products (such as gels, mousses, and waxes) can clog hair follicles, potentially leading to issues like scalp irritation or slowed hair growth.
  • Product build-up can create a dull film on the hair shaft, making it look less shiny and feel heavy. This build-up also prevents the hair from absorbing nutrients and moisture properly.
  • Regular use of a clarifying shampoo can help remove build-up and restore the hair’s natural vibrancy.
• Hair shaft damage
  
  • Styling techniques that involve pulling, excessive tension, or rough handling can damage the cuticle layer, which is the hair’s outermost protective layer.
  • When the cuticle layer is damaged, it exposes the inner hair structure, leading to weakened, porous hair that is more susceptible to further damage and moisture loss.
  • Gentle handling, using quality styling tools, and regularly conditioning hair can help protect the cuticle layer.
• Loss of elasticity
  
  • Excessive exposure to heat and chemical treatments can weaken the hair’s elasticity, making it less able to bounce back to its natural shape after being stretched.
  • Hair with poor elasticity tends to snap easily and does not return to its normal shape when pulled, resulting in more breakage.
  • Using protein treatments and hydrating masks can help restore some elasticity by strengthening the hair structure.
• Changes in hair porosity
  
  • Repeated exposure to heat and chemical styling can increase hair porosity, causing the hair to lose moisture quickly and become more susceptible to damage.
  • High-porosity hair often has gaps in the cuticle, which makes it absorb moisture quickly but also lose it just as fast, leading to dry and fragile hair.
  • Hydrating treatments, leave-in conditioners, and sealing oils can help high- porosity hair retain moisture.
• Scalp health
  
  • Certain products can irritate the scalp, causing itching, redness, or flakiness, especially if they contain harsh ingredients like sulphates or fragrances.
  • Product build-up and poor scalp hygiene can lead to dandruff, while clogged follicles may cause folliculitis, a bacterial infection that results in bumps or pustules.
  • Regularly cleansing the scalp, using products suited to one’s scalp type, and avoiding heavy or clogging products can promote a healthy scalp environment for hair growth.
• Hair type
  
  • Each texture holds styles differently. Fine hair might lack volume, while coarse hair may require more product for control.
  • High-density hair can support voluminous styles, while low-density hair might need specific techniques to create fullness.
  • High-porosity hair absorbs products quickly but loses moisture easily, while low- porosity hair may need lightweight products that can penetrate its structure.
• Hair condition
  
  • Damaged or chemically treated hair may require gentler handling and specialised products to prevent further breakage.
  • Longer hair offers more styling options, while shorter hair may need creative approaches for variation.
  • A healthy scalp supports better styling results, as issues like dandruff, itchiness, or sensitivity can impact the comfort and longevity of certain styles.
• Face shape
  
  • Understanding face shape (oval, round, square, heart, etc.) helps in choosing styles that flatter and balance the client’s features.
• Face features
  
  • can be used to draw attention to certain features, such as framing around the face to soften prominent cheekbones or layers to add movement around the jawline.
  • Certain styles can be used to create balance, such as bangs to make a forehead appear smaller or layers to add width to a narrow face.
• Lifestyle and preferences
  
  • The client’s willingness to spend time on daily styling affects the choice of style.
  • Low-maintenance options are preferable for clients with busy lifestyles.
  • Matching the hairstyle to the client’s personal aesthetic (e.g., modern, classic, edgy) ensures they feel comfortable and confident.
  • Styling choices may vary depending on the occasion, such as formal events that require sophisticated updos or casual outings that may call for relaxed waves or textures.
• Tools and product
  
  • Different styles require specific tools, such as curling irons for waves or flat irons for sleek styles. Ensuring the tools are suitable for the hair type prevents damage.
  • Selecting the right products (e.g., heat protectants, texturizers, serums) based on hair type and desired outcome ensures a professional and lasting style.
• Technical skills
  
  • Advanced techniques, like layering, braiding, or texturising, require skill and precision to achieve desired effects without damaging the hair.
  • The stylist’s ability to adapt techniques based on hair type and client preferences enhances results and client satisfaction.
• Safety
  
  • Protecting the hair and scalp from excessive heat during styling minimises the risk of burns or hair damage.
  • Ensuring that all tools are in good working condition prevents accidents, while proper hygiene practices protect against infections.
• Environmental factors
  
  • Humidity, wind, and temperature can all impact a hairstyle’s durability. Styles that withstand humidity, like braids or buns, may be recommended for humid climates.
  • Climate: Long-term climate considerations can influence hair texture and condition, with dry climates requiring extra moisture.
  • Maintaining a healthy hairline is crucial, especially when using tight styles, which can cause stress and lead to traction alopecia over time.
• Hair growth patterns
• Understanding and working with the natural parting of the hair allows for a more natural look and easier styling.
• Cowlicks can cause certain areas to stick up or grow in different directions, and these should be considered when choosing styles, as they can affect how hair lies.

• Allergies
  
  • Some clients may be allergic to ingredients in hair products, such as fragrances, preservatives, or certain chemicals, which could cause irritation or reactions.
  • Hypoallergenic or natural product options should be available for clients with sensitive skin or known allergies.
• Medical conditions
  
  • Conditions like alopecia, thyroid disorders, or certain medications can affect hair density, texture, and growth patterns.
  • Knowing a client’s medical background can guide a stylist in using gentler techniques or avoiding styles that might aggravate a sensitive scalp.

Effect humidity has on the hair during setting

• Loss of shape and volume
  
  • Weighing down hair
  • Flattened styles
• Reduced durability
• Reduced product hold
• Increased dryness
• Increased porosity

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Effects of incorrect use of heat on the hair and scalp:

• Hair damage
  
  • Breakage
  • Spilt ends
  • Loss of moisture
  • Cuticle damage
• Scalp damage
  
  • Burns
  • Irritation
  • Dryness
  • Flakiness
• Permanent texture changes
  
  • Straitening
  • Loss of natural curl pattern
• Weakened hair structure
  
  • Elasticity reduction
  • Increased porosity
• Colour fading on treated hair
• Sebum production disruption
  
  • Leading to dryness of oiliness

4 Be able to style and dress hair

Style and dress hair for a wedding, a prom and/or a fashion show

• Wedding: initial consultation (discuss bride’s vision, theme, dress style, accessories, book trail run), common wedding hairstyles (updos, half-up, half-down, braids, twirls, loose waves, curls), long-lasting products incorporate accessories (veils, tiaras, hairpins, flowers).
• Prom: consultation (dress style, personal style, ideas), trail run if possible, popular prom styles (curls, waves, updos, chignons, braids, plaits, ponytails), add shine, ensure hair matches overall look.
• Fashion show: understand the theme, rehearse, avant-garde styles (bold, creative, exaggerated, make a statement), sleek and polished (smooth, straight styles, sleek updo), texture and voluminous (big curls, waves, teased hair, dramatic effect), accessory integration, quick changes.

Styling techniques:

• Blow dry: prepare hair, section hair, dry hair using blow dryer, use cool shot button to set
• Create curls with flat iron: prepare hair, section hair, create waves, add appropriate finishing product, scrunch hair with hands
• Straight hair: prepare hair, section hair, straighten hair, apply smoothing serum
• Up-do: prepare hair, section and tease hair, create a ponytail, from updo, apply hair spray, optionally pull out a few face-framing strands
• Braided styles: prepare hair, section hair according to style of braid, create braid, secure loose hair with pins, apply hairspray
• Curling techniques: roller sets, pin curls, curling iron, twit setting

Secure an ornament to a hair-up style

• Style hair
• Prepare ornament(s)
• Hairpins: insert pin, position pin, slide at an angle to ensure catching enough hair, adapt to the style of pin and hair
  
  • Secure to natural anchor points where possible (e.g. Base of bun, where hair pinned)
• Hair combs: tease hair for grip, position comb with teeth pointing to the scalp, push comb into hair against the direction of the updo to ensure it holds tightly, wiggle comb back and forth to anchor securely, secure with pins if needed
• Tiaras and hairbands: position for comfort and symmetry, secure with pins
• Flowers: position, secure with pins
• Use hairspray to finish
• Invisible pins

Safely using a styling technique involving heat

• Choose the appropriate tool
  
  • Quality
  • Heat settings
  • Heat distribution
  • Size of tool
• Prepare hair
  
  • Clean dry hair less prone to heat damage
• Apply heat protection
• Choose a heat level appropriate for the hair type
  
  • Fine is more prone to damage
• Start at low heat
• Increase heat gradually if needed
• Follow manufacturer instructions
• Move equipment constantly
• Avoid overexposure
• Allow to cool before touching
• Moisturise
• Avoid over-styling
• Ensure the tool does not touch the scalp directly
• Allow the tool to cool before storing
• Maintain tool regularly

Appropriate products for hair: shampoo, conditioner, leave in conditioner, serum, heat

protectants, styling mousse, foam, hairspray, dry shampoo, start with less and add as required, use correct tools to apply and distribute, read labels.

5 Understand how to braid hair

Types of braid

• Three-Strand Braid: The classic braid style, made by intertwining three sections of hair in an overlapping pattern.
• French Braid: A braid that starts at the crown and incorporates additional hair as it moves down, creating a smooth, tight look close to the head.
• Dutch Braid: Similar to the French braid but with sections crossed under rather than over, creating a raised, “inside-out” effect.
• Fishtail Braid: A two-strand braid where small sections are alternated between each side, giving it a woven, fish-scale appearance.
• Box Braids: Protective braids where sections of hair are divided into small “box” shapes, then braided from the scalp to the ends, often with extensions for added length.
• Waterfall Braid: A style that lets some hair flow through the braid, creating a cascading effect while keeping sections in place.
• Halo Braid: A braid that wraps around the head in a circular pattern, giving the appearance of a “halo” around the crown.
• Crown Braid: Similar to a halo braid but with a thicker, fuller look, wrapping around the top of the head like a crown.
• Rope Braid: A two-strand braid created by twisting sections in one direction, then crossing them in the opposite direction, forming a rope-like appearance.
• Cornrows: Small, tight braids created by braiding close to the scalp in rows, often styled in various patterns.
• Ghana Braids: A type of cornrow braid that begins thin and gets progressively thicker, often styled into intricate designs.
• Ladder Braid: This braid combines elements of waterfall and regular braiding, with sections left out at intervals, creating a “ladder” effect.
• Butterfly Braid: A thick, soft braid that appears loose and textured, often with pieces pulled out to resemble butterfly wings.
• Pull-Through Braid: Created by making ponytails, then pulling sections through one another to mimic a braid without actual weaving, giving a voluminous effect.
• Four-Strand Braid: A more complex braid using four sections, often in a “weaving” or overlapping pattern to add extra detail.

Historical origins of braids

• African Origins
  
  • Earliest Braids (3500 B.C.): Evidence of braids dates back to ancient African civilisations, particularly in Egypt. The ancient Egyptians wore braided wigs and used intricate braiding patterns as markers of class, wealth, and social standing.
  • Cornrows and Ghana Braids: Braids like cornrows, which involve tightly braiding hair close to the scalp, have African origins, dating back to 500 B.C. in regions like Nigeria and Senegal. They were often styled in complex, culturally significant patterns and were used to communicate tribe, marital status, wealth, and more. Ghana braids, also originating from West Africa, evolved from cornrows and are known for their intricate, gradual thickening technique.
  • Box Braids: Popularized by the Himba people of Namibia and ancient Egyptians, box braids were traditionally used as a protective style and often adorned with beads, shells, and other ornaments, symbolising age and rank in society.
• Ancient Europe
  
  • Celtic Braids: In Celtic culture, braids were widely worn by both men and women, with intricate patterns often associated with spiritual beliefs. These braids symbolised unity and eternity, seen in the way they weaved and twisted without a visible start or end. Braids were also a mark of status and were common among warriors.
  • Nordic Braids (Vikings): Viking culture is well-known for its braided hairstyles. Norse warriors would braid their hair to keep it out of their faces during battle, and the style also represented power and discipline. Braids were common among both men and women in Scandinavian societies and were often combined with elaborate hair adornments.
• Indigenous Americas
  
  • Native American Braids: Many Native American tribes, including the Navajo, Blackfoot, and Sioux, wore braids as a cultural practice with spiritual meanings.
    Braids were often used in sacred rituals and seen as an extension of a person’s spiritual energy. In some tribes, men and women would braid their hair to honour nature, express grief, or display unity and connection to their community.
  • Aztec and Inca Cultures: In Central and South America, the Aztecs, Incas, and other Indigenous cultures used braids as part of their elaborate hairstyles and often adorned them with bright ribbons, feathers, or beads to indicate social class, religion, and achievements.
• Asian Traditions
  
  • Chinese Braiding Practices: In ancient China, braids were worn by different dynasties as a form of tradition and rank. One well-known example is the queue, a braid worn by men during the Qing Dynasty, mandated as a sign of loyalty to the ruling Manchu.
  • Indian and South Asian Braids: In South Asia, braiding has been a staple of both cultural and religious practices. Traditional long, single braids or "plaits" are often decorated with flowers and ornaments for events like weddings and festivals.
    Braids are a practical style, valued for their elegance and convenience in hot climates.
• Middle Eastern and North African Heritage
  
  • Bedouin Braids: In the Arabian Peninsula, Bedouin women wore long braids adorned with coins or beads, which symbolised wealth and identity within nomadic tribes. This practice has continued for centuries, representing femininity and pride.
  • Berber Braids: The Berber women of North Africa have historically used braided hairstyles as a cultural identifier, where specific patterns signal one’s tribe, marital status, or family role. Braids in Berber culture are often adorned with coloured cloth, jewellery, and symbolic henna.

Impact of braids on hair

• Protective Benefits
  
  • Braids help to protect the hair from environmental factors like pollution, sun exposure, and humidity.
  • By keeping the hair in a controlled style, braids reduce daily exposure, which can prevent tangling and reduce hair breakage, particularly for naturally curly or textured hair.
• Reduced Manipulation
  
  • With braided hair, there’s less need for daily styling, which helps prevent the wear and tear that comes from brushing, combing, and using heated tools.
  • This ‘low-manipulation’ styling reduces stress on the hair and can aid in retaining length and strength over time.
• Moisture Retention
  
  • Braids can help to retain moisture within the hair by reducing the rate at which natural oils and applied products evaporate.
  • This is particularly beneficial for curly and coily hair types that often experience dryness.
  • Braids can be paired with moisturising products to maximise hydration.
• Strain on Hair Follicles
  
  • Tight braids, however, can exert excessive tension on the scalp and hair follicles. This can lead to a condition known as traction alopecia, where hair is lost due to prolonged pulling on the roots.
  • This risk is heightened with braiding styles like cornrows or box braids that stay in for weeks and involve tight plaiting.
• Encouraging Growth
  
  • While braids don’t directly stimulate hair growth, their protective nature can lead to a healthier scalp environment.
  • This helps to avoid breakage and split ends, allowing the hair to reach its full growth potential and appear longer over time.
• Potential Damage on Removal
  
  • If not carefully taken down, braids can lead to breakage, especially if the hair has been in braids for a prolonged period.
  • The hair can become matted at the roots, requiring gentle detangling with a wide- tooth comb to avoid damage during removal.
• Temporary Hair Patterns
  
  • Braids can leave behind a wavy or crimped texture after removal, which can be an added styling benefit.
  • This texture adds volume and can create a natural, heat-free, wavy look without the use of styling tools.

6 Be able to braid hair

• Basic three-strand braid
  
  • Divide the hair: separate the hair into three equal sections.
  • Start braiding: cross the right section over the middle section, making the right section the new middle.
  • Repeat on the left side: cross the left section over the new middle section, making it the new middle.
  • Continue the pattern: repeat this process, alternating sides until you reach the end.
  • Secure the braid: use an elastic band to secure the braid at the bottom.
• French braid
  
  • Section at the top: begin by taking a small section of hair from the crown and dividing it into three equal parts.
  • Start braiding as normal: begin a three-strand braid, crossing the right section over the middle, then the left over the new middle.
  • Add hair gradually: each time you cross a section, add a small amount of hair from the sides of the head to that section before crossing it over the middle.
  • Continue adding hair: repeat this process, working down the head and incorporating more hair until you reach the nape.
  • Finish the braid: once all hair has been incorporated, complete a basic three-strand braid to the ends and secure it with an elastic.
• Dutch braid (inside-out braid)
  
  • Section at the top: like the French braid, start with a small section at the crown and split it into three equal parts.
  • Begin with an underhand technique: instead of crossing sections over the middle, cross them under. Start with the right section, crossing it under the middle, then the left section under the new middle.
  • Add hair gradually: each time you cross a section under, add a small amount of hair to that section before crossing it.
  • Work down the head: continue adding hair and crossing sections under as you move down.
  • Finish the braid: once you reach the nape, complete a basic three-strand braid to the ends, securing with an elastic.
• Fishtail braid
  
  • Divide the hair into two sections: unlike other braids, the fishtail braid uses only two sections.
  • Take a small piece from the outer edge of one section: move this small piece over to the opposite section.
  • Repeat on the other side: take a small piece from the outer edge of the opposite section and cross it over to the first section.
  • Continue the pattern: keep repeating this process, taking small pieces from the outer edge of each section and crossing them over to the opposite side.
  • Finish the braid: braid to the ends, then secure with an elastic. For a fuller look, gently pull the braid to loosen it.
• Box braids
  
  • Prepare the hair: begin with clean, detangled hair. If using extensions, prepare them by cutting and sectioning to the desired length.
  • Section the hair: using a comb, divide the hair into small square or rectangular sections (these “boxes” should be of equal size for uniformity).
  • Add extensions (optional): if you’re using extensions, loop the extension around the base of the hair section. Secure it tightly and blend the extension with the natural hair.
  • Start braiding: divide each section into three equal strands and braid from the scalp down to the ends. Ensure that you braid tightly to keep the section secure.
  • Secure the ends: use a small elastic or seal the braid by dipping it in hot water if using synthetic extensions.
  • Repeat for all sections: continue creating box sections and braiding until all hair is braided.
• Waterfall braid
  
  • Start with a section: take a small section of hair from the front near the hairline, dividing it into three strands.
  • Begin a basic braid: start braiding normally, crossing the right section over the middle, then the left over the middle.
  • Create the waterfall effect: after a few crossovers, drop the rightmost strand (letting it hang down) and pick up a new section of hair from above the dropped section to continue braiding.
  • Repeat the pattern: each time you reach the rightmost side, drop that strand and pick up a new section from above to incorporate into the braid.
  • Finish the braid: once you’ve reached your desired endpoint, secure it with an elastic or incorporate the braid into the rest of the hair for a seamless finish.
• Halo braid
  
  • Part the hair: make a centre part to divide the hair evenly. You’ll create two sections.
  • Begin braiding one section: start near the front of one side and create a Dutch braid (cross sections under) or French braid (cross sections over), adding hair from both sides as you move around the head in a circular motion.
  • Braid around the head: continue braiding in a circular pattern around the head, close to the hairline, until you’ve braided all the hair.
  • Secure the ends: once you reach the starting point, tuck the braid’s end under the start of the braid and secure it with bobby pins.
  • Adjust and tuck loose ends: pin any loose strands and gently pull at the braid for a fuller look, creating a soft “halo” effect.
• Crown braid
  
  • Part the hair into two sections: divide the hair horizontally from ear to ear, creating a top and bottom section.
  • Braid each section separately: starting on one side, braid each section into a three- strand braid or Dutch braid, working from the front around to the back.
  • Wrap the braids around the head: take one braid and wrap it over the top of the head like a crown, securing it with bobby pins as you go.
  • Pin the second braid over the first: wrap the second braid around the head, overlapping the first braid slightly to create a thick, full crown effect.
  • Tuck and secure: use additional bobby pins to secure both braids, tucking the ends under to hide them.
• Rope braid
  
  • Divide the hair into two sections: start with a ponytail, if desired, then split it into two equal sections.
  • Twist each section: twist each section tightly in the same direction (for example, clockwise).
  • Cross the sections in the opposite direction: after twisting, cross the two twisted sections over each other in the opposite direction (if twisted clockwise, cross counterclockwise).
  • Continue to the ends: repeat this twist-and-cross technique down to the ends of the hair.
  • Secure with an elastic: finish the rope braid by securing it with an elastic, and gently pull to loosen for a fuller effect.
• Cornrows
  
  • Part the hair into rows: use a comb to create thin, even rows from the front of the scalp to the back. The size of each row will determine the size of each cornrow braid.
  • Section and start braiding: starting with one row, take a small section at the front and divide it into three strands.
  • Braid close to the scalp: begin a three-strand braid, adding small sections of hair from the row each time you cross the outer strands over the middle. Keep the braid tight and close to the scalp.
  • Continue the braid along the row: repeat this until you reach the end of the row, then braid the remaining length and secure it with an elastic if needed.
  •  Repeat for each row: continue creating cornrows in each row across the head. You can experiment with curved or zigzagged parts for a more intricate pattern.
• Ghana braids
  
  • Create a part for each braid: use a comb to create a row where the Ghana braid will go, starting at the hairline.
  • Begin with a small section: at the front of the row, take a small section of hair and split it into three strands.
  • Braid and gradually add more hair: begin braiding close to the scalp, then gradually add more hair to the braid as you move along the row, making it progressively thicker. To create a dramatic effect, add larger sections of hair each time.
  • Add extensions if desired: for a longer or fuller look, add hair extensions as you braid. Secure them close to the scalp to blend with the natural hair.
  • Finish and secure: braid until the end of the section, securing with an elastic band or hot water if using synthetic extensions.
• Ladder braid
  
  • Start with a section of hair: take a small section from the top near the hairline and divide it into three strands.
  • Create the ladder: start a French braid by crossing each side strand over the middle. Each time you cross a strand, drop a small section of hair from it to form the “rungs” of the ladder.
  • Add new hair: replace the dropped strand with a new section of hair from above the braid, continuing down the side of the head.
  • Continue the pattern: keep braiding, dropping and adding sections to create the ladder effect along one side.
  • Finish and secure: braid the remaining hair normally and secure it with an elastic. Adjust the ladder “rungs” for a defined, even look.
• Butterfly braid
  
  • Gather hair for a large braid: gather all hair (or a large section of it) into a loose ponytail at the back of the head.
  • Create a thick braid: make a regular three-strand braid, but keep it loose and slightly messy.
  • Pull out sections to create “wings”: gently tug at sections along the sides of the braid, pulling out small pieces to create a soft, “winged” effect. This gives the braid a butterfly-like appearance.
  • Secure and adjust: once you reach the ends, secure with an elastic. Use bobby pins to further shape and pin back any strands for an even look.
• Pull-through braid
  
  • Create a row of ponytails: start by gathering a top section of hair into a ponytail,
  • securing it with an elastic. Gather another section directly below the first ponytail and secure it with an elastic as well.
  • Pull the first ponytail through the second: divide the first ponytail in half and pull the second ponytail through the centre of it, letting the first split ponytail rest on either side.
  • Repeat and create new sections: add a new section of hair to each side of the split ponytail and secure another ponytail directly below it.
  • Continue down the head: repeat this process of pulling each new ponytail through,
  • creating a stacked, voluminous effect.
  • Secure at the bottom: when you reach the end, secure with an elastic and gently pull each “bubble” to make the braid fuller.
• Four-strand braid
  
  • Divide hair into four sections: split your hair into four equal parts, labelling them 1, 2, 3, and 4 from left to right.
  • Begin the weaving pattern:
    
    • Take strand 1 and cross it over strand 2.
    • Cross strand 3 over strand 4.
    • Cross strand 4 over strand 1.
  • Repeat the pattern: continue this weaving technique, crossing the outermost sections over each other, alternating between sides until you reach the end.
  • Secure the end: tie off the braid with an elastic, then adjust as needed for symmetry.
• Tips for all braids:
  
  • Avoid braiding too tightly: tight braids can stress hair and scalp, leading to discomfort or potential hair damage.
  • Secure with a soft elastic: use a hair-friendly elastic to avoid hair breakage.
  • Add texture if needed: for fine or freshly washed hair, a bit of texturising spray or dry shampoo can add grip, making the braid easier to handle.
  • Loosen for volume: for a fuller, more relaxed look, gently pull at the sides of the braid to create a “pancake” effect.

Removing braids

• Prepare the hair
  
  • Gather your tools: you’ll need a wide-tooth comb, scissors (for extensions if applicable), a detangling spray or conditioner, and patience.
  • Moisturise first: spritz the braids with water or a leave-in conditioner. This helps to loosen the hair and make the removal process easier.
• Cut extensions (if applicable)
  
  • Identify the natural hair length: if you’re removing box braids or other styles with extensions, locate the point where your natural hair ends.
  • Cut below the natural hair: use scissors to carefully cut the extension below your hair’s length. This makes the unbraiding process faster and reduces tangling.
• Undo each braid
  
  • Start from the ends: work from the ends of each braid, gently pulling apart the sections. Use your fingers to loosen each part of the braid.
  • Use a rat-tail comb for tight braids: for small or tight braids like cornrows, a rat-tail comb can help in gently picking out the braid without tugging.
  • Take your time: avoid pulling or yanking, as this can lead to breakage. Slowly work your way up each braid until it’s completely undone.
• Detangle as you go
  
  • Finger-detangle each section: once the braid is out, gently finger-detangle each section to remove shed hair and knots.
  • Use a wide-tooth comb: after finger-detangling, use a wide-tooth comb to detangle the section fully. This helps prevent matting and makes washing easier.
• Remove product build-up
  
  • Apply a detangling spray or leave-in conditioner: hair can often have product
  • build-up at the roots, especially if it’s been braided for a while. Apply a detangling spray or leave-in conditioner to soften this build-up.
  • Gently loosen buildup: use fingers or a soft-bristle brush to break up any build-up before washing.
• Wash and condition
  
  • Wash with a gentle shampoo: after all braids are removed, wash hair thoroughly to remove any remaining product residue and oils.
  • Deep condition: follow up with a deep conditioner or hydrating hair mask to replenish moisture and elasticity in the hair.
• Let hair rest
  
  • After removing braids, let hair rest for at least a week before installing new styles.
  • This allows the scalp and hair to recover.

7 Understand the aftercare and maintenance following a styling and dressing appointment

Importance of completing treatment to the satisfaction of the client: repeat business, loyalty, retention, positive word of mouth, recommendations, testimonies, professional reputation, trust, credibility, client confidence, client comfort, revenue, growth, continuous improvement, personal connection, customisation, quality assurance, consistency.

Treatment records:

• Content: medical history, contra-indications, past treatments, responses to treatments, concerns during treatment, feedback from treatments
• Importance: customised treatments, consistency, professional image, client confidence, legal protection, track progress, inventory management, client preferences, targeted promotion, training and development, feedback

Aftercare advice that is required to be provided following a hair styling or dressing appointment:

avoid over touching, when to remove and how to remove accessories, sleep on silk or satin

pillowcase, wait before washing, use gentle shampoo and conditioner, avoid excessive heat, avoid product build up, the impact of humidity, protection from sun, diet, stress, trims, colour treated hair, curly or textured hair.

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Process of gaining consent to post-treatment on social media:

• Inform client: purpose of posting content, platforms content will be posted on
• Written consent: consent forms, signature
• Verbal confirmation: reiterate information, opportunity to decline
• Respect privacy requests: anonymity options, partial consent
• Digital documents
• Final confirmation after taking photographs

8 Be able to demonstrate post-treatment actions

Ascertain client satisfaction levels

Spoken feedback at the end of the session: open-ended questions, active listening, accepting criticism, openness

Follow-up feedback requests: surveys, emails, follow-up discussions, reviews

Take a photograph of hair

• Consent
• Equipment: camera phone, lighting, background
• Prepare client: clean, comfort
• Lighting: natural, artificial
• Background: contrasting colour, simple and clean
• Positioning the client 
• Camera settings
• Multiple shots
• Editing pictures
• Client approval

Methods to advise clients of maintenance and aftercare:

• Verbal guidance
• Printed guidance
• Email guidance
• Links to helpful resources
• Follow-up communication
• Warnings about not following advice
• Accessibility requirements for advice
  
  • Large print
  • Language usage (clarity, speed)
• Ensuring understanding

Creating a social media post about treatment: pictures, videos, platform, content, hashtags, tagging other users, confidentiality, client requests, amount of content

Disposing of waste in an environmentally friendly manner: hazardous waste (chemical, biohazards), recycling, following salon process, following legal requirements.